Head lice infestation, also known as pediculosis capitis, is a common condition among children, particularly those in school or daycare settings. Here’s an overview of head lice in children:
What are Head Lice?
- Pediculus humanus capitis: Small, wingless insects that live on the scalp, feeding on human blood.
- Size and Color: Adult lice are about the size of a sesame seed and can be tan to grayish-white.
How are Lice Spread?
- Direct Contact: Lice are most commonly spread through head-to-head contact with an infected person.
- Indirect Contact: Sharing personal items like hats, combs, brushes, or headphones can also spread lice, though this is less common.
Symptoms
- Itching: Caused by an allergic reaction to lice bites. Itching is the most common symptom.
- Visible Lice or Nits: Nits are lice eggs, firmly attached to hair shafts. Adult lice may also be visible but are harder to spot.
- Irritability and Difficulty Sleeping: Lice are most active in the dark.
Diagnosis
- Visual Inspection: The most reliable method is wet combing the hair with a fine-toothed lice comb or identifying live lice or nits close to the scalp.
- Nits vs. Dandruff: Nits can be distinguished from dandruff as they are difficult to remove from the hair.
Treatment
- Over-the-Counter Treatments: Permethrin lotion or pyrethrin-based products are commonly used.
- Prescription Medications: In cases where OTC treatments are ineffective, a doctor may prescribe stronger medications.
- Combing: Removal of lice and nits with a nit comb is an essential part of treatment.
- Repeated Treatment: Often necessary to ensure all lice and nits are eradicated.
Prevention and Control
- Avoid Sharing Personal Items: Educate children about not sharing combs, hats, and other personal items.
- Regular Checks: Regular checks of children’s hair for lice or nits can help catch infestations early.
- Cleaning: Wash clothing, bedding, and personal items in hot water and vacuum carpets and furniture.
Additional Considerations
- No Need to Miss School: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children should not miss school because of lice and nits should not be a cause for exclusion.
- Resistance: Some lice may be resistant to OTC treatments, requiring alternative methods.
Communicating with Other Parents and Schools
- Discretion and Sensitivity: Avoid stigmatizing the child while notifying relevant parties to control the spread.
- Educational Approach: Provide information on effective prevention and treatment strategies.
Lice infestations are not an indication of poor hygiene and can affect anyone. Effective treatment and prevention strategies are key to managing and controlling lice outbreaks in children.